Defensive Future Studies

Defensive Future Studies

Scenario Mapping for the Application of Blockchain Technology in the Human Capital Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Associate Prof in HRM, IRI Military Command and Staff University, Tehran, Iran
2 Master of Business Administration, Science and research university, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/dfsr.2025.2068588.1936
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The advent of emerging technologies has positioned blockchain as a transformative tool capable of making human capital development processes more transparent, secure, and data-driven. Within military organizations, blockchain can serve as a safeguard against credential forgery, inflated or inaccurate performance assessments, and informational inefficiencies, while simultaneously strengthening trust, equity, and accountability. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to map plausible scenarios for the application of blockchain technology in advancing human capital within the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.
Methodology: This developmental–applied study adopts a descriptive–causal research design. The methodological approach integrates a systematic review of the literature on blockchain applications in human capital development with fuzzy cognitive mapping. Data for the cross-impact analysis were collected through questionnaires administered to 14 subject-matter experts in human resource management and information technology within the Army. The qualitative component was analyzed using thematic analysis, while the fuzzy cognitive mapping was executed using FCMapper and Python 3.11. Through thematic coding, the study identified key success factors, which were subsequently used to construct potential blockchain application scenarios via fuzzy cognitive mapping.
Findings: The analysis revealed four critical factors shaping human capital development: (1) application of blockchain technology, (2) organizational competency development, (3) professional ethics, and (4) interpersonal skills. The relational network among these factors was visually mapped, resulting in the identification of three probable scenarios for blockchain integration into human capital development.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that three distinct scenarios— “Digital Armor,” “Silent Breach,” and “Core Collapse”— represent potential pathways for implementing blockchain technology in the human capital development of the Army. Adopting a scenario-based strategic planning approach can enable the gradual, adaptive, and targeted deployment of this technology, ensuring alignment with organizational objectives and operational realities
Keywords

Subjects


 
-    Adhiatma, A. (2022). Blockchain-based human resources management practices to support performance efficiency: A literature survey. Human Resources Management and Services, 4(1), 3473-3473. doi.org/10.18282/hrms.v4i1.3473
-     Alam, A. (2023). Connectivism learning theory and connectivist approach in teaching and learning: a review of literature. Bhartiyam International Journal of Education & Research, 12(2), 1-15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369734538
-    Ameli, M., Esfandabadi, Z. S., Sadeghi, S., Ranjbari, M., & Zanetti, M. C. (2023). COVID-19 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Scenario analysis through fuzzy cognitive map modeling. Gondwana Research, 114, 138-155.
-    Awaji, B., & Solaiman, E. (2022). Design, implementation, and evaluation of blockchain-based trusted achievement record system for students in higher education. arXivdoi: 10.5220/0011044200003182
-    Bakhtavar, E., Valipour, M., Yousefi, S., Sadiq, R., & Hewage, K. (2021). Fuzzy cognitive maps in systems risk analysis: a comprehensive review. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 7, 621-637. DOI: 10.1007/s40747-020-00228-2
-    Balon, B., Kalinowski, K., & Paprocka, I. (2022). Application of blockchain technology in production scheduling and management of human resources competencies. Sensors, 22(8), 2844.  doi.org/10.3390/s22082844
-     Bulganina, S. V., Prokhorova, M. P., Lebedeva, T. E., Shkunova, A. A., & Mikhailov, M. S. (2021). Digital skills as a response to the challenges of the modern society. Revista Turismo Estudos e Práticas-RTEP/GEPLAT/UERN, (01), 1-7. https://geplat.com/rtep/index.php/tourism/article
-    Calábria, F. A., Melo, F. J. C. D., Albuquerque, A. P. G. D., Jerônimo, T. D. B., & Dumke de Medeiros, D. (2018). Changing the training paradigm for learning: A model of human capital development. Energy & Environment, 29(8), 1455-1481. DOI: 10.1177/0958305X18779580
§  Darodjat, D., & Arapah, E. (2024). Integrating Blockchain into Military HR Systems: A Strategic Perspective. Defense Science & Technology Review, 22(1), 88–105. /doi.org/10.56107/penanomics.v3i2.177
doi.org/10.3390/math10081206
-    Fachrunnisa, O., & Hussain, F. K. (2020). Blockchain-based human resource management practices for mitigating skills and competencies gap in workforce. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 12,. https://doi.org/10.1177/1847979020966400
-    Faggian, A., Modrego, F., & McCann, P. (2019). Human capital and regional development. Handbook of regional growth and development theories, 149-171.
-    Faraji, M., & Shajari, H. (2022). The role of blockchain in enhancing human capital development. Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 14(2), 88–103. https://doi.org/10.56107/penanomics.v3i2.177
-    Fard, M. (2024). Blockchain-enabled knowledge preservation. Journal of Knowledge Systems, 10(3), 98-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100344
-     Farhadi, A., Yusefi, M. and Sheikh Hassani, M. (2021). Possible scenarios of psychological operations against the human resources of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Defensive Future Studies, 6(22), 131-156. [In Persian] doi: 10.22034/dfsr.2021.136604.1422
-    Fathtabar, A., Ebrahimzadeh, A., & Kazemitabar, J. (2024). Center of gravity (CoG): a novel optimization algorithm. Evolutionary Intelligence, 17(4), 2245-2278DOI: 10.1007/s12065-023-00884-6
-     Golshahi, B. & khoshnevis Zarch, A. (2025). Architecture of Applying Mixed Reality Technology in the Recruitment and Selection Process of Human Capital in the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Intelligent Management of Human Capital2(5), 64-33. [In Persian] doi: 10.22034/imhr.2025.548889.1040
-    Golshahi, B. and Montazer, G. (2024). Recognizing Antecedents and Consequences Developing Mental Agility of Military Leaders based on Combined Methodology of Thematic Analysis and Fuzzy DEMATEL. Defensive Future Studies, 9(34), 1-30. [In Persian] doi: 10.22034/dfsr.2024.2040866.1822
-    Golshahi, B., & Assayesh, H. (2023). Leadership Development Strategies and its effects on Human Capital Management in Bio-Viral Crises of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(3), 102-130. [In Persian]  Doi:10.22034/jhrs.2023.184121
§  Gray, S., Chan, A., Clark, D., & Jordan, R. (2017). Modeling the Human Dimensions of Resilience Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. Environmental Systems and Decisions, 37(1), 1–12. doi.org/10.1007/s10669-016-9618-8
-     Grech, A., & Camilleri, A. F. (2017). Blockchain in education. Joint Research Centre (JRC) Science for Policy Report. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/60649
-    Gupta, A. (2024, November 29). Transforming HR: The Impact of Blockchain Technologydoi.org/10.1201/9781032619651-13
-    Islam, M. (2025). Blockchain for personalized skill development. International
-    Janjua.U (2020) Blockchain And The Future of the Internet: A Comprehensive Review
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1904.00733
-     Koncheva, V. A., Odintsov, S. V., & Khmelnitski, L. (2019). Blockchain in HR. In Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference on Digital Economy (ISCDE 2019) (pp. 504–507). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/iscde-19.2019.154
-    Kostopoulos, N., Stamatiou, Y. C., Halkiopoulos, C., & Antonopoulou, H. (2025). Blockchain applications in the military domain: A systematic review. Technologies, 13(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13010023
-     Li, L., Zhang, H., & Dong, Y. (2021). Mechanism Construction of Human Resource Management based on Blockchain Technology. Journal of Systems Science and Information, 9(3), 310‑11. https://doi.org/10.21078/JSSI-2021-310-11
§  Liu, C., Xia, H., Zhang, J., & Meng, X. (2021). A Systematic Review on Blockchain Governance. IEEE Access, 9, 45394–45414. DOI:10.1016/j.jss.2022.111576
-      Maden, A., & Yücenur, G. N. (2024). Evaluation of sustainable metaverse characteristics using scenario-based fuzzy cognitive map. Computers in Human Behavior, 152, 108090. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108090
-    Masa’d, F. M., Al‑Ababneh, H. A., Alraqqad, R. M. R., et al. (2024). Adoption of blockchain technology in human resource management: Moderating role of institutional support. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(9), 6873. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i9.6873
-    Mattana, P. (2017). The Uzawa-Lucas endogenous growth model. Routledge.
-    Meng, Y. (2024). Human resource management system based on blockchain technology. SSRN. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5031073
-    Mohammad Saif, A. N., & Islam, M. A. (2024). Blockchain in human resource management: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 36(4), 635-650. doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2022.2049226
§  Obiedat, A., & Samarasinghe, S. (2022). Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Analysis of Blockchain Technology Implementation Using Advanced FCM. ResearchGate. DOI:10.2298/CSIS220308039S
-      Ong, T. (2025). Digital Technologies and Sustainable Development: An Insight From Corporate Sector 18(5), 205-230. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3319
-    Onik, M. M. H., Miraz, M. H., & Kim, C. S. (2018, April). A recruitment and human resource management technique using blockchain technology for industry 4.0. In​ Smart Cities Symposium 2018 (pp. 1-6). IET. DOI:10.1049/cp.2018.1371
-    Onik, M. M. H., Miraz, M. H., & Kim, C.‑S. (2018). A Recruitment and Human Resource Management Technique Using Blockchain Technology for Industry 4.0. Proceedings of the Smart Cities Symposium 2018. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.03237
-      Osoba, O., & Kosko, B. (2019). Causal modeling with feedback fuzzy cognitive maps. Social‐Behavioral Modeling for Complex Systems, 587-615.
DOI:
10.1002/9781119485001.ch25
-    Pant, S., Kumar, A., Ram, M., Klochkov, Y., & Sharma, H. K. (2022). Consistency indices in analytic hierarchy process: a review. Mathematics, 10(8), 1206.
-    Pereira, I. P., Ferreira, F. A., Pereira, L. F., Govindan, K., Meidutė-Kavaliauskienė, I., & Correia, R. J. (2020). A fuzzy cognitive mapping-system dynamics approach to energy-change impacts on the sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120154
-    PMC. (2021). The ethics of blockchain in organizations: Implications for HR operations. PMC Open Access. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05058-5
-    Ramachandran, R., Babu, V., & Murugesan, V. P. (2023). The role of blockchain technology in the process of decision-making in human resource management: a review and future research agenda. Business Process Management Journal, 29(1), 116-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2022-0351
-    Salah, D., Ahmed, M. H., & ElDahshan, K. (2020, April). Blockchain applications in human resources management: Opportunities and challenges. In proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (pp. 383-389). DOI:10.1145/3383219.3383274
-    Shaheen, M. (2023). Blockchain for Human Resource Management: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Emerging Technologies in HR, 11(2), 45–61. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22835-3_12
-    Stofkova, J., Poliakova, A., Stofkova, K. R., Malega, P., Krejnus, M., Binasova, V., & Daneshjo, N. (2022). Digital skills as a significant factor of human resources development. Sustainability, 14(20), 13117. DOI: 10.3390/su142013117
-    Suhariyanto, J., Sugiono, E., & Nurwulandari, A. (2024). Utilization Of Blockchain Technology in Human Resource Management. Jurnal Ekonomi, 13(03), 110-118. DOI: 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i03
-    Szwed, P. (2021). Classification and feature transformation with fuzzy cognitive maps. Applied Soft Computing, 105, 107271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107271
-    Tahir, M., Hayat, A., Rashid, K., Afridi, M. A., & Tariq, Y. B. (2020). Human capital and economic growth in OECD countries: some new insights. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 36(4), 367-380. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2019-0073
-    Turkanović, M., Hölbl, M., Košič, K., Heričko, M., & Kamišalić, A. (2017). EduCTX: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform. arXiv. Doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2789929
-    Voskoglou, M. G. (2020). Application of fuzzy numbers to assessment of human skills. Punjab University Journal of Mathematics, 50(2). journals/index.php/pujm/article/viewArticle/3649
-    Weiss, Y. (2015). Gary Becker on human capital. Journal of Demographic Economics, 81(1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2018.9
-    Yi, C. S. S., Yung, E., Fong, C., & Tripathi, S. (2020). Benefits and use of blockchain technology to human resources management: a critical review. International Journal of Human Resource Studies10(2), 131140-131140. doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i2.16932